ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE
Water and Food Security
INTRODUCTION
Pakistan faces significant challenges in ensuring the sustainability of its environment, water resources, and food security. In recent years, the impacts of climate change have worsened these challenges, and urgent action is needed to address them. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current situation in Pakistan interms of environment, water resources,and food security. It outlines the government’s response to these challenges and the initiatives being taken to
mitigate the effects of climate change,enhance efficiency of water use, promote sustainable agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, manage water pollution, land degradation, and improve water management. Additionally, the chapter outlines initiatives being taken to enhance resilience,rehabilitate infrastructure, and ensure food security.
SITUATION ANALYSIS
Pakistan ranks as the eighth most vulnerable country on the Climate Risk Index 2021.1 Moreover,Pakistan’s vulnerability to climate change is expected to increase further as Pakistan’s projected rise in temperature is 5.3 degrees Celsius, higher than the global average of 3.7 degrees Celsius in the same Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario.
Climate Change is a risk multiplier for developing countries such as Pakistan. It exacerbates pre-existing threats and other drivers of instability, contributing to security risks including water, food and energy security. Pakistan has experienced extreme consequences of climate change, including frequent heatwaves, floods, and droughts. Climatic variability and probability of extreme events is on the rise as witnessed in the unprecedented floods in 2022. The flood affected approximately 33million people. The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) of the 2022 floods reported that Pakistan suffered total damages of more than US$14.9 billion and economic losses of around US$15.2 billion,amounting to 4.8% of the FY22 gross GDP.
Due to rising population and lack of water resource governance, Pakistan is soon to face a water security crisis. The per capita availability of surface water has declined from 5,260 cubic meters annually in 1951 to approximately 1,000 cubic meters in 2016. Projections indicate that by 2025, this figure may decline further to around 860 cubic meters, signifying Pakistan’s shift from a “water-stressed” to a “water-scarce” nation.
Moreover, the frequency of droughts has increased over the past decade, posing immediate food security risks.Drought impacts result from declines in crop yield and livestock productivity, threatening the livelihoods of agriculture-dependent households, thereby increasing the risk of hunger and poverty for vulnerable populations. Additionally, increased frequency of droughts leads to land degradation and a decline in groundwater reserves, exacerbating water stress-related risks, particularly the availability of safe drinking water. Climate change, heatwaves, floods, and droughts are threatening Pakistan’s primarily subsistence-based, irrigated agriculture sector. Consequently, in the last two years, the country has imported $1.77 billion worth of wheat, leading to increased imported inflation despite its traditional self-sufficiency. The unstable supply chains caused by the Ukraine War under
score the importance of greater self-sufficiency.
Early identification and an efficient disaster governance architecture is critical for risk mitigation.Pakistan has implemented that includes the National Disaster Management Authority and Provincial and District Disaster Management Authorities. The Federal Flood Commission is responsible for flood control in the country, while the National Disaster Risk Management Framework outlines priorities for action over five years. Despite these efforts, challenges remain regarding disaster preparedness and response, particularly at the district level and in terms of community awareness and education which signifies the need of a comprehensive disaster governance architecture.
A comprehensive National Climate Finance Framework is essential to achieve mitigation and
1.Germanwatch. (2021). Global Climate Risk Index 2021.
2.Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives. (2022). Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment. Asian
Development Bank, European Union, United Nations Development Programme, World Bank.
3.Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Pakistan. (2018). National Water Policy 2018.
adaptation targets. Risks associated with extreme climate-related events, air pollution, and environmental degradation are anticipated to reduce Pakistan’s GDP by 18 to 20% by the year 2050. It is estimated that the total investment of USD 348 billion is required for climate response between 2023 and 2030. Additionally, to achieve full implementation of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs),Pakistan would require a total cost of nearly USD 200 billion.
STRATEGIC VISION AND PRIORITIES
Climate Responsive Public Investment: Pakistan is screening public investments for climate impact and revising Public Investment Manuals to enforce climate considerations in public projects. Similarly, a green budget tagging exercise is underway to track climate response funds allocation. A comprehensive 4RF strategy has been developed for flood recovery and systemic resilience.
Climate Finance: Government of Pakistan has launched coordinated diplomacy efforts to mobilize international climate finance for a just transition to a climate resilient nation. At COP 27, Pakistan led a strong case based on climate justice and became a pathfinder country of the Loss and Damage Fund (Pathfinder countries, which include Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Fiji,Ghana, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Senegal, will receive support to address financial and social protection needs in response to climate change impacts.). Pakistan convened a climate conference in Geneva to mobilize international development finance for climate resilience. A Disaster Risk Strategy is also being developed to provide risk instruments and contingent credit facilities such as parametric insurance and/or catastrophe bonds. Similarly, climate and nature performance bonds will be explored.
Resilient Cities: The Government aims to strengthen air and water pollution control. Climate smart municipal services will be used for mitigation and adaptation targets. Nature based Solutions (NbS) and Green infrastructure will be prioritized in disaster-prone areas with Green Infrastructure used for flood Control and groundwater recharge. Community engagement will be strengthened to achieve systemic resilience. Green building codes will be applied in construction of public buildings. The National Flood Protection Plan also addresses urban floodingand land use planning.
Food Security: Modernization of irrigation and drainage systems will focus on climate-resilient,predictable, and flexible services in response to changing demand. Bringing the 20.3 Million acres of uncultivated, yet fertile land, under cultivation through climate smart agriculture will be prioritized for ensuring food security.
Water Governance: To ensure medium-term water security, a strategic priority is the implementation of sustainable groundwater governance through Provincial Water Acts. Another areaof priority is rationalizing water pricing. The focus is on developing a comprehensive water pricing policy and promoting public-private partnerships for effective water management and conservation.World Bank Group. (2022). Country and Climate Development Report.
Climate Impact Technologies and Innovation: Support for national climate change research centers will be increased, with an emphasis on regional and global cooperation among governments, climate science research organizations, and other stakeholders. Targeted innovative funds will be established to spur innovation in climate impact technologies such as Green Hydrogen, Decentralised Power Storage, etc.
Strengthen Community Based Resilience and Adaptation: The government has prioritized community-based initiatives that empower local populations to adapt to the changing climate and build resilience to future shocks. This approach strategizes capacity building, awareness-raising, and the promotion of nature-based solutions and green interventions to promote integrated flood risk management, disaster risk management and climate readiness.

01 ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND DISASTER GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES
This section presents a comprehensive overview of the various initiatives by the Government of Pakistan to address the pressing challenges of environmental degradation, climate change, and disaster risk management.

1. CLEAN GREEN PAKISTAN INITIATIVE
The government of Pakistan launched the Clean Green Pakistan initiative to foster sustainable development by reducing pollution, and conserving natural resources. This initiative includes several programs, such as tree planting campaigns, waste management initiatives, and efforts to promote the use of renewable energy sources. The initiative also aims to raise awareness among the public about environmental issues and the importance of protecting the environment.
2. NATIONAL CLEAN AIR POLICY (NCAP) 2023
In an effort to improve air quality in the country and reduce pollution, the government approved the National Clean Air Policy. The policy aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the improvement of air quality in Pakistan. This policy is primarily focused on implementing national-scale actions that would lead to measurable improvements in air quality with the intent of reducing annual deaths and trans-boundary pollution. The successful implementation of these interventions will lead to substantial improvements in air quality, improving the health of Pakistani citizens, with a positive impact on the country’s economic activity.
National Clean Air Policy has identified one priority intervention in each of the five major air polluting sectors: transport, industry, agriculture, waste, and residential. The successful implementation of these five priority interventions is expected to make a substantial contribution to improving air quality, reducing emissions by 81 percent in 2040, compared to the baseline scenario, and by 70 percent compared to 2020 levels.
3. DECARBONIZATION OF TRANSPORT AND ENERGY SECTOR
Acknowledging the critical role of the transport sector in contributing ot climate change, the government has prioritized its decarbonization. This involves encouraging the development of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure and promoting the EV industry in Pakistan. The focus is on encouraging investments in EV manufacturing, facilitating the setup of EV charging stations nationwide, and incentivizing the purchase of electric vehicles with fiscal measures. In addition,there will be a strategic focus on sectors such as batteries, green hydrogen and solar panels.Simultaneously, the government is promoting the utilization of renewable energy sources for these initiatives. A testament to this commitment is the recent approval of a 10,000-megawatt solar project (National Solar Energy Initiative), aimed at contributing to a more sustainable energy mix. These strategic actions underscore the government’s dedication to mitigating carbon emissions from the transport sector, bolstering energy security, and moving towards a sustainable, low-carbon economy.
4. REDD+ INITIATIVE FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
The government launched the REDD+ initiative to address greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The initiative aims to promote sustainable forest management, enhance carbon stocks in forests, and increase the participation of local communities in forest conservation efforts. The REDD+ initiative also aims to address the drivers of deforestation, such as illegal logging and land-use change, and promote alternative livelihood options for communities living in and around forests. This initiative is aligned with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and has received support from international organizations such as the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The initiative is expected to play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions in Pakistan and contributing to global efforts to address climate change.
5. CATASTROPHE MODELING FOR DISASTER RISK FINANCE
In collaboration with SUPARCO, the Natural Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF) is developing the Natural Catastrophe (NatCat) Model. This model is designed to quantify the extent of primary natural hazards, such as floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, and earthquakes, as well as vulnerability and risk assessment, and loss estimation. The NatCat Model combines historical disaster data with current demographic, infrastructure, scientific, and financial information to determine the potential cost of catastrophes for specified geographic areas. By simulating the physical characteristics of thousands of potential catastrophes and projecting their effects on residential, commercial property, and critical infrastructure, the model informs users on the likelihood and intensity of future events. The NatCat Model offers several key benefits, including its use as an underwriting and pricing tool for primary insurers, international reinsurers, and catastrophe bond investors, as well as its potential to support efficient and effective disaster risk management by relevant authorities. Furthermore, the increased catastrophe risk retention capacity of the domestic insurance sector will gradually reduce dependence on global reinsurance markets, enable competitive terms procurement, and minimize reliance on foreign expertise, ultimately contributing to efficient utilization of public funds and fostering risk-sensitive development planning and investments in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
6. CLIMATE RESPONSIVE PUBLIC INVESTMENT - THE 4RF STRATEGY
The government has launched the 4RF Strategy, which is designed to respond to the impacts of the 2022 floods, aligns with the strategic vision and priorities of Pakistan, particularly in areas such as Climate Responsive Public Investment, Coordinated Disaster Governance Architecture,Systemic Resilience and Adaptation, and Nature-based Solutions. The 4RF Strategy’s focus on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of community infrastructure, such as irrigation, roads,WASH, primary health, and education, supports the strategic priority of Climate Responsive Public Investment. By investing in these sectors, the government is working to build a more resilient and sustainable infrastructure system that can better withstand climate change impacts.
The 4RF Strategy’s emphasis on livelihoods support, including livestock restocking, cash compensation, horticulture support for farmers, climate-smart agriculture, youth internships, and natural resource restoration and reforestation, aligns with the strategic priority of Systemic Resilience and Adaptation. Lastly, the 4RF Strategy’s focus on natural resource restoration and reforestation connects with the strategic priority of Nature-based Solutions. By investing in the restoration of ecosystems and the promotion of green infrastructure, the strategy aims to protect communities from climate extremes like floods and enhance overall climate resilience.
Moreover, in response to the Post Flood 2022 scenario, the Government of Pakistan has initiated several flagship projects aimed at enhancing resilience, rehabilitating infrastructure, and ensuring food security for its citizens across various provinces. Among these initiatives are Resilience Enhancement and Livelihood Diversification, Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure, On-farm water management component in Balochistan and Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of Irrigation, Drainage System and flood protection works in KhyberPakhtunkhwa.
7. NATIONAL FLOOD PROTECTION PLAN (NFPP-IV)
In the wake of devastating 2022 floods, the Government launched comprehensive efforts to revise the the has been revised towards Integrated Flood Risk Management (IFRM) approach for building flood resilience through hazard exposure, vulnerability and risk assessment. IFRM aims to implement systemic resilience through developing resilient infrastructure for riverine and non-riverine flooding, Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) and Land Use Planning. An important component of the NFPP i.e. Flood Protection Sector Project (FPSP-III) amounting to Rs. 194.625 Billion, to be financed by Donors, PSDP and ADPs, has been recommended by CDWP for approval of ECNEC. Structural Interventions, proposed under FPSP-III, include construction of flood embankments / dykes, spurs, retaining walls, flood diversion/dispersal structures, small/medium dams for conservation of flood water, strengthening/remodelling of flood embankments / dykes etc. & improvement of drainage network in Sindh and Balochistan. Non-Structural Interventions mainly comprise of Improvement works of Flood Forecasting & Early Warning System of PMD including installation of Weather Surveillance Radars, Automatic Weather
Stations (AWS) etc. & and establishment of Regional FF&W Centres. Likewise, Installation of Flood Telemetry Network & watershed management interventions by the WAPDA along main,secondary & tertiary rivers and construction of ecosystem-based interventions by MoCC through Recharge Pakistan Project. Implementation of FPSP-III is expected to lead us to a more resilient and flood secure country by protection of about 3.128 million populations, 1.047million Acres agriculture land from inundation, Protection of 17,624 houses, Protection of 3,825 Farm Families, Protection of 223 Tube Wells and Billions of rupees worth infrastructure from floods.
8. THE FLOOD EMERGENCY REHABILITATION PROJECT
The government has launched this project with the aim to rehabilitate damaged infrastructure,provide short-term livelihood opportunities, and strengthen government capacity to respond to disasters. By restoring and improving crucial irrigation and flood protection infrastructure, water supply schemes, roads, and related infrastructure, the project will benefit at least 2 million people, approximately 50% of whom are women, in the most flood-affected districts. A community-level cash-for-work program will offer short-term income support to about 100,000 house holds, including semi-skilled and unskilled labor, and support livestock restocking for affected smallholder livestock farmers.
9. THE FLOODS EMERGENCY HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Understanding the vital need for safe and stable housing following disasters, the Government led the Sindh Floods Emergency Housing Reconstruction Project. The project will support owner-driven, multi-hazard resilient reconstruction of core housing units. A housing subsidy will provide reconstruction and restoration grants for 350,000 housing units, which constitutes nearly 20% of Sindh’s total housing rehabilitation needs. Cash grants will be offered for houses with structural damage to partially finance reconstruction or restoration efforts. Furthermore,basic rainwater harvesting systems and twin pit latrines will be provided to improve access to water and sanitation
10. COMMUNITY BASED RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION
The Government is committed to improving the quality and utilization of essential health and nutrition services, especially for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.By rehabilitating and reconstructing health infrastructure damaged by floods, the Government aims to restore the disrupted delivery of these critical services. This ensures that vulnerable populations, including women, girls, and children residing in remote and peri-urban areas, and those affected by floods, have access to quality healthcare
11. COORDINATED GOVERNANCE ARCHITECTURE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
The Coordinated Governance Architecture for Disaster Risk Reduction aims to enhance community resilience by improving climate and hydro-meteorological services and addressing various shocks, such as climate-related risks, health crises, food security issues, and natural disasters.
The Pakistan Hydromet and Climate Services Project (PHSCP): seeks to strengthen the capacity of the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) to align with World Meteorological Organization (WMO) international standards. This directly supports the Coordinated Disaster Governance Architecture priority by enhancing the efficiency and effectivenessof Early Warning Systems, which will ultimately improve disaster response and coordination.
The process of consultation for the revision of the National Disaster Management Act (NDMA) 2010 is currently underway, involving relevant stakeholders and line Ministries to ensure that the updated legislation effectively addresses the evolving challenges posed by climate change and disaster risk reduction. The revision of the NDMA Act 2010 aims to improve the governance architecture for disaster risk reduction by streamlining decision-making processes, enhancing coordination among various levels of government and relevant agencies, to develop a more comprehensive and proactive approach to managing natural hazards and protecting vulnerable populations.
13. THE SINDH COASTAL RESILIENCE PROJECT (SCRP)
To increase climate resilience, the Government undertook this initative with focus on promoting integrated water management and climate resilience through various approaches. Item phasizes strengthening water resources management, drainage, and flood risk infrastructure in coastal regions, enhancing natural protective buffers by supporting the planting of man groves and salt-tolerant species, and engaging communities for sustainable forest management. It also targets poor and vulnerable households by providing vocational training, asset creation, entrepreneurship development, and support for producer organizations and public-private partnerships. Lastly, the project supports strategic action planning for the coastal region by building capacity in key departments and stakeholders for integrated planning,including climate change resilience, and the development of action plans and coastal zone management strategies.
14. GREEN JOB CREATION THROUGH ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
Understanding the dual benefits of green job creation and environmental conservation, the government has been facilitating the expansion of forest cover, promoting energy plantation on private lands, and supporting apiculture projects for rural employment. By enhancing ecosystem health and resilience, this initiative contributes to sustainable economic development and climate mitigation, while also ensuring that communities can better withstand climate change impacts and adapt to changing conditions.
15. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
The government has taken the helm in efforts to conserve wildlife, improve ground water tables,and rehabilitate fish biodiversity in Punjab Balochistan. The Integrated Conservation program in Punjab and the Biodiversity Project in Balochistan aim to restore and manage biodiversity hotspots, while also developing livelihood and employment opportunities for local communities.
16. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR RESILIENT CITIES ALONG THE INDUS BASIN
Through the innovative Living Indus Project, the Government is promoting the development of green infrastructure to address critical challenges faced by urban areas in the Indus River Basin. This project emphasizes the development of green infrastructure and encompasses a wide range of interventions, including urban forests, community ponds, nature-based water shed management, and wastewater management. Alongside these efforts, the project also supports climate finance, circular economy, social entrepreneurship, clean energy access, zeroplastic waste cities, legislative measures, protected areas, eco-tourism, heritage sites, resilient agriculture, permaculture, salinity control, and sustainable aquaculture. By targeting the region where 90% of Pakistan’s population resides and which contributes over three-quarters of the country’s economy, the Living Indus Project aims to foster sustainable and resilient urban development through ecosystem-based adaptation, ensuring the well-being of both the environment and the people living in these cities.
The Government of Pakistan’s proactive approach to environmental and climate change initiatives demonstrates a strong commitment to sustainable development and addressing pressing environmental challenges. Through initiatives such as the Clean Green Pakistan Initiative,National Clean Air Policy, decarbonization of the transport sector, and REDD+ initiative, Pakistan aims to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, improve air quality, mitigate carbon emissions, and promote sustainable forest management. These efforts, coupled with coordinated governance architecture for disaster risk reduction and investments in green infrastructure, highlight Pakistan’s dedication to building a resilient and climate-resilient future. By prioritizing environmental protection and climate action, Pakistan aims to contribute to global efforts in combating climate change while ensuring a healthier and more sustainable future for its citizens.
01 FOOD SECURITY INITIATIVES
In a quest to ensure food security, the government is committed to safeguarding the nation’s food supply by implementing climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural practices. The following initiatives aim to enhance crop yields, and diversify agricultural production to better adapt to climate variability and ensure food security:

1. PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF SUGARCANE
The government has initiated this program, focusing on increasing the national average yield of sugarcane. The intent is to engineer climate-resilient, high-yielding, short-duration, high-sucrose content, and disease-resistant sugarcane varieties while refining crop production and protection technologies.
2. PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF WHEAT
With a determination to ensure food security, the government coordinates research aimed at developing climate-resilient, high-yielding, disease-resistant, heat, and drought-tolerant wheat varieties. It targets an increase in the national average wheat yield through the creation and application of innovative resource-conserving crop production and protection technologies.
3. PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF RICE
The government has launched this project intending to increase the national average yield,productivity, and profitability of rice. This involves the development of high-yielding, short-duration, insect pest, and disease-resistant rice varieties, along with advancing crop production and protection technologies.
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF SEED CERTIFICATION SERVICES IN SOUTHERN BALOCHISTAN
With an aim to ensure seed quality, the government has established Seed Testing Laboratories in Khuzdar and Turbat. This initiative is designed to provide seed certification services in Southern Balochistan, develop better liaison with provincial and federal counterparts, and fortify the regional food security system.
5. PROMOTION OF OLIVE CULTIVATION ON COMMERCIAL SCALE IN PAKISTAN (PHASE-II)
In a major move to promote sustainable agriculture, the government has undertaken this flagship program. The objective is to expand olive cultivation across 50,000 acres, bolstering infrastructure and capacity for large-scale production of disease-free, true-to-type olive nursery plants in both public and private sectors.
6. REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE
The government is championing regenerative agriculture to restore soil health, increase biodiversity, and reduce environmental pollution. This involves the implementation of techniques such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and reduced tillage. In this regard, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council’s (PARC) scientists have already developed and tested different technologies that support regenerative agriculture, such as 0-till drills and permanent raised beds.
7. BIOFERTILIZERS (BIOZOTE ETC.), BIOPESTICIDES
The government has launched an initiative for the development of various biofertilizers and biopesticides that are cost-effective and environmentally safe. This initiative also involves the launch of widespread campaigns to promote their adoption and develop supporting market systems.
8. MICROBES FOR SUPPLEMENTING FERTILIZERS AND INDUCING ABIOTIC STRESSES IN CROPS
Recognizing the potential of microorganisms to enhance plant growth under stress conditions,the government has initiated the use of beneficial microbes in crop cultivation. Microbes such as rhizobia, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Blue-green algae, Azolla, and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes and organic acids.
9. SOYBEAN EXPANSION VALUE CHAIN AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
The government is emphasizing the cultivation of soybean to address a variety of needs such as direct human consumption, poultry and livestock feed, and industrial applications. By focusing on interventions such as varietal development and demonstration for farm-level cultivation,local soybean production can be successfully increased. This would not only reduce reliance on imported oilseeds but also contribute to a more sustainable and self-sufficient agricultural system in the long term.
10. BIOLOGICAL PEST/INSECT CONTROL
To curb the menace of crop-destroying pests, the government is actively promoting the use of biological pest control methods. Biological control using parasitoids, predators, and pathogens has been used for the purpose of suppression of insect pests, and National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) biological control/insectary lab has successfully provided solutions for many crops.
11. AEROPONICS TECHNOLOGY FOR POTATO SEED PRODUCTION
To optimize potato seed production, the government has developed an aeroponic system that promises higher productivity, reduced post-harvest losses, and abundant job opportunities. For fulfilling the future local needs of the potato seed as well as to shift towards potato seed exporter, this technology needs promotion and upscaling with strong technical backup of NARC scientists in major potato producing areas of Pakistan.
12. UPSCALING OF BIO-SALINE AGRICULTURE UMMERKOT MODEL
The government is amplifying the implementation of innovative agricultural models in Thar,where bio saline agriculture pilots have shown immense potential. These pilots were carried out in collaboration with Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), Livestock and Fisheries Department, Govt of Sindh, and Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, and Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi. These pilots have shown great potential for bio saline agriculture and fisheries in the region
13. AQUACULTURE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS
a. Cage Culture Cluster Development Project: The government has embarked on a significant endeavor to scale up cage culture technology across Pakistan. The objective is to increase per capita fish consumption and boost export earnings from cage aquaculture by optimal utilization of natural water resources.
b. Inland Shrimp Farming : The government has established the proof of concept that Pakistan can expand inland shrimp farming in the saline waterlogged lands of Punjab and Sindh. The government is working with private companies of China and Pakistan to workout investment models for inland fisheries and shrimp farming, processing, and export to China.In the next 2-3 years, Pakistan could start exporting fisheries worth $500-$800 million per annum. The potential is much higher in the long run.
14. NATIONAL PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) ERADICATION PROGRAMME: PHASE 1 – RISK-BASED PPR CONTROL IN SHEEP AND GOATS OF PAKISTAN
The government has launched a comprehensive program to eradicate Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in sheeps and goats across the country. This initiative aims to enhance capacity for laboratory diagnosis of PPR at federal & provincial levels, strengthening a surveillance system for PPR to develop a rapid response system. Preparation of strategic vaccination plan for control & eradication of PPR. It will also help in up-gradation of a legal framework to manage PPR and to promote more intensive involvement of stakeholders in the eradication of PPR. Research & Development in epidemiology diagnostic & control of PPR is being carried out under this project.
15. NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN PAKISTAN
To ensure the control and eradication of trade-limiting animal diseases, the government is establishing a comprehensive national program for animal disease surveillance. The program aims to develop a comprehensive surveillance system that generates reliable data to inform policy and operational decisions in sustaining animal production and gaining trust from trading partners. The project seeks to develop a national program, policy and regulatory framework for controlling trade limiting animal diseases, strengthen national and international networks,and enhance the capacity and competence of veterinary services at the national, provincial,and district levels for the control and eradication of trade limiting animal diseases.
16. VERTICAL FARMING
The government is spearheading the adoption of vertical farming as an innovative and sustainable approach to agricultural production in urban environments. This multi-faceted initiative focuses on exploring innovative and sustainable ways to grow crops in urban environments. In the short term, the project will develop and pilot tunnel farming and hydroponic systems for fruits and vegetables with micro-irrigation, alongside rooftop and kitchen gardening for both household and commercial applications. Medium-term actions include professional training,capacity building, and upscaling strategies, as well as conducting economic and food security analyses and evaluating vertical farming as a climate change adaptation and mitigation tool.In the long term, the initiative aims to develop business models through full life-cycle analysis(LCA), investigate vertical farming derivatives such as multi-story and multi-crop greenhouses,explore rack-stacked designs for optimal solar exposure, identify employment opportunities in the sector, and extend the range of crop types while optimizing response to controlled variables like LED lighting, temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels.
17. LOCUST EMERGENCY AND FOOD SECURITY PROJECT (LEAFS)
In response to the locust infestation threat, the government has launched the Locust Emergency and Food Security Project (LEAFS). This comprehensive project encompasses multiple components to strengthen the country’s preparedness for future locust and other invasive pest attacks by enhancing the capacity of the plant protection department and strengthening the national food security system. The project is comprised of 5 main components: pest surveillance/early warning, preparedness, and control capacity enhancement, strengthening of national food security management system, project management, monitoring, and evaluation,contingent emergency response component, and livelihood protection and rehabilitation
18. INDUSTRIAL SCALE FEEDLOT FATTENING
Recognizing the waste of three million of male calves annually, the government is undertaking an ambitious project to establish industrial-scale feedlot fattening facilities. With the cooperation of both Chinese and Pakistani private sector companies, it has prepared a pre-facility to foster joint ventures. It is projected that, within three years, this initiative could enable Pakistan to export beef worth $500 million to $1.0 billion per annum. The potential long-term value of meat exports to China could reach between $2.0-$3.0 billion per annum. Additionally, the government has assisted a Chinese company in establishing a donkey slaughterhouse in Gwadar SEZ, which is expected to start operations this year, contributing an estimated $30 million in annual exports. More detail is in the Export chapter.
19. VEGETABLE EXPORTS
In collaboration with Chinese companies, the government is actively promoting the expansion of vegetable exports from Pakistan. The government has assisted one Chinese company to expand its Chili production from 400 acres in 2021-22 to 10,000 acres in 2022-23. They are planning to set up chili processing plant in south Punjab this year. This proof of concept will lead this and other Chinese companies to establish production and processing of other vegetables and export to Gulf countries and China. Pakistan has the potential to expand its vegetable exports $500-$800 million per annum in the next three years. More detail in the Export chapter.
These food security initiatives, led by the Government of Pakistan, underscore the commitment to ensuring a sustainable and resilient agricultural sector. By implementing these projects, the government aims to enhance productivity, diversify agricultural production, eradicate diseases,and foster innovation in farming practices. With a comprehensive and coordinated approach,Pakistan strives to achieve long-term food security, meet domestic demand, and seize opportunities for agricultural exports, thus contributing to the overall economic development and well-being of its citizens.
20. INDIGENISATION OF THERAPEUTIC FOOD SUPPLEMENTS TO ADDRESS MALNUTRITION AND STUNTING
A Multi-sectoral Nutrition Program has been launched to address malnutrition in 36 high stunted, calamity-hit, and poor districts (Balochistan 12, Sindh 10, KP 5, Punjab 2, AJ&K 2, and GB5). The project is proposed for five years, with a total cost estimated at Rs. 8,582.84 million. The objective is to reduce the burden of malnutrition through a multisectoral approach; provision of micronutrients nutritional supplements, promotion of healthy dietary practices, local production of theraputic foods and conducting R&D with a focus on local causes and local solutions.
21. PAKISTAN BIOSAFETY CLEARING HOUSE FOR GMO REGULATION AND NATIONAL AGRICULTURE BIOTECH POLICY
In order to regulate Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO) in Pakistan, a biosafety clearing house will be established. The Government has initiated the ground work for National Agriculture Biotech Policy to establish strategic priorities for research in agriculture for climate resilient varieties of seeds for processing and cultivation. Bio-safety Rules and Guidelines (2005)are being updated to reflect international developments in genome research.
03 WATER GOVERNANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE INITIATIVES
This section presents a comprehensive overview of the various initiatives undertaken by the Government of Pakistan to address concerns related to water insecurity and floods. These efforts demonstrate the government’s commitment to finding effective solutions to ensure access to clean water and mitigate the impact of flooding on communities and infrastructure.

1. NATIONAL WATER POLICY IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK AND NATIONAL WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGY
The Government has taken significant steps towards the implementation of its National Water Policy (NWP), including the translation of the policy into short, medium, and long-term activities, as well as the development of a Policy-Implementation framework and a National Water Conservation Strategy. The NWP-Implementation Framework, along with the Draft National Water Conservation Strategy, has been presented to Water Sector Development Partners for their support in implementing priority actions outlined in both documents at the national and provincial levels. These efforts aim to ensure the effective implementation of the NWP and promote water conservation strategies throughout the country
2. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (WRM) AND INTEGRATED FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT
Promoting Nature-based solutions and green interventions, the government is actively working towards integrated water resource management (IWRM) and integrated flood risk management . The focus is on the capacity building for organizations under the control of Ministry of National Food Security & Research (MNSFR) to ensure effective implementation of IWRM. To this end, a Research, Development and Policy Implementation (RD&PI) initiative has been launched to support these efforts.
Moreover, for a holistic and integrated handling of floods, National Flood Protection Plan-IV is being updated through Asian Development Bank (ADB) on the directions of the Prime Minister to incorporate lessons learnt from devastating floods of 2022.
3. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO HELP PLANNING PROCESS OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER AT PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL LEVEL
Enhancing climate-related decision-making, the government is collaborating with the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES) in development of and refinement of a Decision Support System (DSS) prototype under the Climate Adaptation and Resilience (CARE) Project. This initiative aims to enhance the Ministry of Planning, Development, and Special Initiatives’ (MoPDSI) climate-related decision-making capabilities. The outcome of the project will be the development of an Artificial Intelligence-based DSS that aids the planning process for agriculture and water management at both provincial and federal levels, ensuring a more informed and adaptive approach to these critical sectors in the face of climate change.
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF FIVE REGIONAL FLOOD FORECASTING CENTRES UNDER FLOOD PROTECTION SECTOR PROJECT-III (FPSP-III)
Improving regional flood forecasting, the government is establishing five Regional Flood Forecasting Centres to enhance resilience against hydro-meteorological disasters. These centres will greatly improve regional flood forecasting, thereby enhancing overall resilience to hydro-meteorological disasters through real-time forecasting and response.
4. SINDH WATER AND AGRICULTURE TRANSFORMATION PROJECT (SWAT)
The Sindh Water and Agriculture Transformation Project (SWAT) focuses on integrated water resources management and restoring crop production by small and medium-sized farmers affected by floods. It promotes water-thrifty crops through a smart subsidy scheme and supports farmers who resume agricultural production. There is a large component of water governance and ground water recharge as a part of this program.
5. NAULONG DAM PROJECT
Constructing the Naulong Dam across the Mula River in Baluchistan, the government aims to store water for irrigation purposes and hydropower generation, benefiting agricultural land and ensuring water availability for sustainable development. The dam is going be constructed across Mula River at Sunt about 30-kilometer from Gandawa City in the District Jhal Magsi,Baluchistan. The 186 ft high Zoned Earthfill will store 242,000 AF water for irrigating 47,000 acres land and 4.4 MW hydropower generation.
6. PROVINCIAL GROUND WATER REGULATORY ACTS AND GROUND WATER REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
Provincial governments in Pakistan have initiated the process of formulating and promulgating Groundwater Regulatory Acts and establishing supportive Groundwater Regulatory Authorities.Groundwater Regulatory Authorities in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been newly established and are currently being operationalized.
7. TRANSITION OF SCARP (SALINITY CONTROL AND RECLAMATION PROJECT) TUBEWELLS IN PUBLIC SECTOR TO PRIVATE SECTOR
The SCARP Transition and Improvement Project aims to pilot the privatization of groundwater development in SCARP areas with adequate fresh groundwater. If successful, the program could expand to cover up to four million acres and 7,500 public tubewells. The objectives include developing a replicable package for transferring groundwater pumpage responsibility,ensuring farmer participation, particularly smallholders, and increasing agricultural production and farm incomes through improved conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies.
8. WATER ACCOUNTING
Implementing a water accounting project, the government is developing a standardized framework for accurate water distribution and reporting. Indus River System Authority (IRSA), with the support of WAPDA, has started implementing a water accounting project to ensure accurate water distribution among the federating units. The project would record and monitor water inflows, outflows, and storages in the country’s rivers and reservoirs. This will enable better management of water resources and ensure fair distribution among the provinces.
9. WATER HARVESTING, WATER PRICING AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE
Promoting water harvesting, water pricing, and groundwater recharge initiatives, the government has identified rainwater harvesting potential, has implemented pilot projects for artificial groundwater recharge, and explored urban rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge strategies. In this regard, in the short term, actions include identifying rainwater harvesting potential and suitable sites, implementing pilot projects for artificial groundwater recharge,exploring urban rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge pilots, piloting various ground water recharge techniques in rural areas, and formulating a water pricing strategy. The development and piloting of solar water desalination for irrigation and drinking, particularly in regions with saline groundwater, will contribute to improving water quality and availability. Medium-term actions involve economic evaluation of rainwater harvesting intervention piloting and capacity building, implementing runoff harvesting and sediment traps, eye brows and terrace systems, in-situ harvesting systems, loose rock check dams, gabion netted check dams, and seepage/runoff interceptor drains. Urban groundwater pilot evaluations will be conducted, and a water pricing policy will be proposed. Long-term actions focus on training 500 individuals in rainwater harvesting techniques, implementing the water pricing policy framework, and initiating a national watershed management program focused on water harvesting and groundwater recharge in each province. These comprehensive initiatives aim to address water scarcity chal
lenges and promote sustainable water management across the country.
10. LAND DEGRADATION RECOVERY INITIATIVE
Addressing land degradation challenges, the government has launched this initiative. In the short term, actions include piloting watershed management techniques, identifying erosion
hotspots using remote sensing, developing afforestation strategies, piloting interventions for salinity and waterlogging management, carbon sequestration, bioremediation, and minimizing tillage. Medium-term actions focus on capacity building in watershed management, promoting minimum tillage practices, and bioremediation. Long-term actions involve upscaling water shed management interventions with partners, converting from intensive tillage to conservation agriculture and permanent raised bed farming in both irrigated and rain-fed areas, and initiating a national watershed management program for controlling water pollution and land degradation in remote watersheds. Additionally, the evaluation and upscaling of physical and biological interventions for managing salinity and waterlogging will be conducted. These comprehensive actions aim to mitigate water pollution and land degradation, ensuring sustainable development and environmental protection across the country.
11. NATIONAL MASTER PLAN ON FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK
Developing a National Master Plan on Flood Telemetry Network, the government has installed flood telemetry stations across the country’s rivers and water bodies, enabling accurate registration of surface flows. The initiative includes the installation of approximately 680 flood telemetry stations on secondary and tertiary rivers, small streams, nullahs, etc. This will provide a more accurate registration of surface flows of water bodies across the country, leading to better flood forecasting and nowcasting of flash floods and hill torrential discharges.
12. CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL PROJECT (LIFT-CUM-GRAVITY)
Undertaking the Chashma Right Bank Canal Project (Lift-Cum-Gravity), the government is constructing a canal on the right bank of the River Indus. Upon completion, this project will irrigate286,100 acres of barren yet fertile land in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, contributing to increased agricultural productivity and food security
13. GREATER KARACHI BULK WATER SUPPLY SCHEME K-IV
Initiating the Greater Karachi Bulk Water Supply Scheme K-IV, the government seeks to address water and sewerage issues in Karachi City. This project aims to provide a water supply of 260million gallons per day (MGD) to meet the growing demands of the city’s population. An allocated budget of Rs. 20,000 million in the 2022-23 PSDP demonstrates the commitment to improving water infrastructure in Karachi.
14. RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GROUND WATER RECHARG
Promoting rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge, the government focuses on small-scale community farming and kitchen gardening, particularly in regions such as Potho
har and Hazara. By identifying suitable sites and implementing pilot projects, this initiative harnesses the potential of rainwater to enhance water availability for horticulture and high-value crops, while also recharging groundwater resources.
15. RESPONSIVE DRIP IRRIGATION (RDI) PILOT
Implementing the Responsive Drip Irrigation (RDI) Pilot, the Pakistan Agriculture Research Council evaluates and promotes the adoption of this efficient water-saving technology. RDI significantly reduces irrigation water usage, energy consumption, and fertilizer requirements compared to conventional drip irrigation systems. Successful pilot projects in locations like Lasbella, Karachi, Umerkot, and Thal showcase the benefits of RDI in water-scarce regions.
16. NANOPORE IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY PILOT
Conducting a pilot for Nanopore Irrigation Technology, the government has tested this innovative system that aims to reduce water and energy consumption in irrigation. Originating from China, the technology utilizes nanopore membranes and, if proven successful, could be considered for local production, providing an alternative irrigation method that conserves resources.
17. NATIONAL MASTER PLAN ON FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK
Developing a National Master Plan on Flood Telemetry Network, the government has installed flood telemetry stations across the country’s rivers and water bodies, enabling accurate registration of surface flows. The initiative includes the installation of approximately 680 flood telemetry stations on secondary and tertiary rivers, small streams, nullahs, etc. This will provide a more accurate registration of surface flows of water bodies across the country, leading to better flood forecasting and nowcasting of flash floods and hill torrential discharges.
18. RDI BASED HYDROPONIC PRODUCTION PILOT
Focusing on RDI-based hydroponic production, the government supported a pilot project that implemented hydroponic systems. These systems save significant amounts of water and fertilizers compared to conventional hydroponics, leading to enhanced water efficiency and improved agricultural practices saving 60% water and 30% fertilizers compared to conventional hydroponic systems. It reduces energy use by up to 70% due to its ultra-low-pressure requirements.
19. UP-SCALING OF PORTABLE SOLAR WATER PUMPING
The government aims to introduce and expand the use of solar-powered pumps for small-scale farmers. By providing access to sustainable irrigation solutions, particularly in
water-scarce regions, this initiative enhances agricultural productivity and reduces dependency on conventional energy sources.
20. WASTEWATER TREATMENT THROUGH BIOREMEDIATION
Addressing wastewater treatment through bioremediation, the government promotes the use of phycoremediation strategies in various ecological settings. This initiative involves treating wastewater to improve its quality and utilizing the treated water for peri-urban agriculture,ensuring efficient water use and contributing to food security.
21 INDIGENIZATION OF SOLAR DESALINATION
Supporting the indigenization of solar desalination units, the government is promoting the adoption of cost-effective and user-friendly desalination technologies. By utilizing solar energy,these units offer affordable and accessible solutions for water desalination, particularly in regions with saline and coastal water resources.
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